Gender in Sports - 986 Words

Gender Differences in Sports For plenty of years the women nature has been looked upon as homemakers, hairdressers, wives and mothers. As women step out into the world to pursue dreams, careers, and aspirations, many have come across the issues of playing on male teams. With the decline of women sports in high school, college and the Olympics, women are starting to train their self to play with the men causing this case to become more and more popular. Many women are finding spots on teams that are within their reach but are often dangled above their head to look but not touch because of their gender. Sports are an important part of the culture of almost every nation. However, its use to promote gender equality and to help empower†¦show more content†¦Instead, Marti described playing softball instead of baseball is â€Å"like saying ping-pong and tennis are the same sport.† (Hyman, 12). The people who accept and cheer for the females playing on male teams find that females are just as competitive as the males, and no matter the size, if a female believes she can do it then she can do it! There is a sense of accomplishment, pride, and happiness when a female is welcomed onto a male team. And there is nothing like showing the people who told you it was impossible that they were wrong. Still this issue is like a big game of tug-o-war. As many females step up and take positions on male-oriented teams, people are either disgusted in a female wanting to play with the males or people cheer with happiness for taking a big step. Maybe in time, something with bring an unders tanding as to why females should or should not be allowed, but for now, we will all stick to our own prideful thoughts. Works Cited Greer, Janelle. Males and Females Should Not Mix on the Field of Competition. Lehigh Valley Live 19 Feb. 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. Hyman, Mark. Challenges for Girls Playing High School Baseball. New York Times. New York Times, 28 Feb. 2009. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. Wilde, Nishan. Women in Men s Sports - Should it be Allowed. Wryte Stuff. IcoLogic, Inc., 26 June 2007. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. Meyer, Zoe. Girls Playing with the Boys, Boys Playing withShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : Sports And Sports1930 Words   |  8 PagesHumberto Lamas 6/10/16 Professor Callaci Eng 1A Gender Inequality in Sports It is now 2016 and sports play an enormous part in the U.S. culture. According to Youth Sports Statistics 36,000,000 kids aged 5-18 take play organized sports each year. Sports will continue to grow especially because of today’s advancements in technology. From the first Olympic games to 2016 a whole lot has changed in the world of sports. Not only has sports vastly changed but so have social norms around the United StatesRead More Sports and Gender Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesSports become stereotyped as gender-neutral, feminine, or masculine based on conceptions regarding gender, gender differences, and beliefs about the appropriateness of participation due to gender (Colley et al., 1987; Csizma, Wittig, Schurr, 1988; Koivula, 1995; Matteo, 1986). Sports labeled as feminine seem to be those that allow women participants to act in accordance with the stereotyped expectations of femininity (such as being graceful and nonagressive) and that provide for beauty and aesthe ticRead More The Gender of Sports Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Gender of Sports What are the social and cultural costs and benefits of an individual (male or female) entering a non-traditional sport for their gender/sex (e.g. women enter body building, power lifting, boxing; men enter synchronized swimming or field hockey)? In todays society, particularly in the United States, an individual entering a non-traditional sport for his/her gender takes on many tasks besides playing the sport, the individual also takes on the criticism (good or bad)Read MoreGender Inequality Within Sports And Sports1197 Words   |  5 PagesAll women athletes worked extremely hard to get where they are now, but with gender inequality in sports their hard work will go to waste. Gender inequality is unlawful because of Title IX, a law that was passed in 1972, that banned gender discrimination in sports (Buzuvis and Newhall). Even though it is against the law, many colleges and sports associations still give unfair benefits to men’s sports, such as more opportunities, better fields, higher salaries, etc, and are not getting punished forRead MoreGender Barriers in Sports1230 Words   |  5 Pagesback in the day there’s always been that big barrier blockading females and males when trying to engage in a sport that is not â€Å"appropriate† for their gender. It had always been that some sports are aimed towards the male gender and others towards the females. When a man or women joins a sport that is not originally for their gender, it is not something that many people want to accept. Gender is defined as an ongoing cultural process that socially constructs differences between men and women. ThisRead MoreGender Inequalities Of Sports And Gender Inequality1468 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequalities in Sport Men throughout history have been the dominant gender, from the times of hunting with stone weapons to the modern day metal and automated machines. Many negative connotations are thought of when comparing women to men like strength, but less so when comparing men to women. Is it the society’s view that women are weaker than men or is it a natural fact brought to light? In sports women experience many prejudices, but even so some sports are equal or even female dominantRead More Gender In Sports Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages Gender in Sports In high schools and junior high schools across the country the importance of interscholastic sports competitions is strongly demonstrated to the students. They see the rewards and accolades given to the accomplished athletes, not only at these levels, but at the collegiate and professional levels as well. While most of these teams are formed and exist for both men and women, it is interesting how different each team tends to be treated. At High school football gamesRead MoreGender Equality Through Sports And Gender968 Words   |  4 Pagesthe central components of discrimination in the world. One area that has shown great improvements over time is gender equality. Throughout world history, women have been viewed as inferior species to men. In the United States, women were not allowed to do certain things like join the military or vote. The United States has made great strides in providing equal opportunity to all genders. In spite of the many laws and acts congress has passed, women are still viewed as lesser subjects. Judith LorberRead MoreGender And Gender : A Man s Sport871 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween. For a man, play a man’s sport like football or basketball. Then for the ladies, most people would prefer that they don’t play those sports, but what can be expected when they grew up with all males? In the collaborative book Gender Failure by Ivan Cayote and Rae Spoon, who have lived as woman but feel as if they are meant to be males, they talk about how they failed their roles as both females and males. In the course of history people have failed the gender binary, failed to see how transgenderRead MoreGender Equality in Sports2131 Words   |  9 Pagesin many professional sports. After more than 25 years since the beginning of Title IX, there still is no gender equality among men and women in high school, college, and professional sports. br brPassed in 1972 by United States President Richard Nixon, Title IX was supposed to give women equality in sports, yet in the year 2001 there is still little difference in the way women are treated in sports. No legislative act has had a more powerful impact on the world of sports other than Title IX.

The World’s Surprising Economic Superpower Free Essays

The annual Fortune 500 rankings have become an iconic measure of corporate influence in the U. S. business world. We will write a custom essay sample on The World’s Surprising Economic Superpower or any similar topic only for you Order Now But just as major league baseball’s World Series stacks the deck in favor of U. S. baseball teams, the Fortune 500 is limited to U. S. companies. And just as the United States failed to end up at the top in this year’s (genuinely global) World Baseball Classic, the relative position of U. S. companies changes once you step onto the global playing field. The United States still dominates the Fortune Global 500 with 140 U. S companies, its 30% share equaling roughly the United States’ share of the global economy. That’s twice as many as its nearest competitor, Japan, with 68 companies on the list. But U. S. dominance is clearly eroding. Most notably, a U. S. company is no longer at #1, with Royal Dutch Shell displacing U. S. -based Wal-Mart as the world’s largest company with revenues of $458 billion. That’s the first time a non-U. S. company has been at the head of the list since 1996. The 140 U. S. companies that did make the list combine for the lowest number since Fortune magazine began compiling the list in 1995. Recall that 2008 was particularly unkind to the United States. Within the span of a remarkable 12 months, household names like AIG, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, and Washington Mutual all disappeared from the list. The Fortune Global 500: BRICs Rising? The inevitable rise of the BRIC economies — Brazil, Russia, India and China — is now taken as holy writ among the U. S. business press. With the BRIC countries now boasting more than a quarter of the world’s land area and more than 40% of the world’s population, it’s now considered inevitable that, in terms of size, speed, and directional flow, the transfer of global wealth and economic power is shifting from West to East. While it’s true that the BRICs offer some of the best investment opportunities, in terms of companies on the Fortune Global 500, the dominance of the BRICs is still far from today’s reality. The BRICs account for 58 companies among the Fortune Global 500. China stands head and shoulders above its rivals, with 37 companies on the list — a gain of nine companies from only a year ago. India has seven companies on the list, while Brazil has six and Russia has eight among the top 500. As pundit David Rothkopf observed, â€Å"Without China, the BRICs are ust the BRI — a bland, soft cheese that is primarily known for the wine that goes with it. † That said, even the Chinese companies on the list are hardly world beaters. Most are state-owned behemoths — not known for savvy or innovation. China’s second-biggest company is the creatively named â€Å"State Grid,† which ranks (a shocking) #15 in the world. And in 2009, you can still win be ts at almost any U. S. bar by betting someone that she can’t name a Chinese brand. Most of the Chinese companies on the list are like a 7†² 5†³ basketball player who can barely dribble the ball. Sure, it’s hard to ignore that he is an intimidating presence on the basketball court. But that doesn’t mean that you’d want to put him on your All-Star team. And it’s hard not to notice that the largest BRIC companies outside of China are largely based on natural resources — that is, â€Å"trust fund† countries pumping wealth from the ground. Take away the oil and steel industries, and Russia, India and Brazil all suddenly rank alongside Denmark, Austria, Ireland and Finland, with two Fortune Global 500 companies each. In terms of heft, the BRICs are still distinctively minor league. Brazil has one company in the top 100, Russia has two, India has zero, and China has five, totaling eight companies from the BRIC countries in the top 100. By this measure, the combined BRICs beat Britain alone — but not France. The Fortune Global 500: The World’s Surprising Economic Superpower? With all eyes looking toward the inevitable rise of the BRICs, it’s easy to spurn â€Å"Old Europe† as a global economic force. I’m guilty of it and I’ve spent my entire adult life here. There may be a handful of contrarians willing to say that China may not be all that it’s cracked up to be. But in over 15 years of active investment reading, I can recall only a single book that ever viewed Europe’s prospects in a positive light. Taken together, Europe’s economy is not only bigger than the U. S. economy, but its companies also rival the United States for corporate oomph. The economy of Germany, with a population of 80 million people, is the size of China’s, and it both exports more and boasts more companies among the Fortune 500 than its Asian rival (39). Throw in France (40), the United Kingdom (26), Switzerland (15), the Netherlands (12), and Spain (12), and the top six European economies boast an impressive 155 companies among the Fortune Global 500. Not bad for a combined population of 266 million — substantially less than the United States. Include the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark (combined population 19 million) landing nine companies on the list, and you skew the list even further in Europe’s favor. And unlike the BRICs, the European companies are distinctly top-heavy. Germany has 15 companies in the top 100, France, 10; Britain, six; Italy, five; Spain, three; and Netherlands, two, for a total of 41. That far outpaces the United States’ collective 27 companies on the list of the world’s 100 largest. The Fortune Global 500: A Welcome Correction Parsing the Fortune Global 500 rankings offers an important correction to what you hear in the mainstream business press. First, on a country level, U. S companies still dominate the global economy. And Japan, for all of its widely publicized problems, is still a powerful economic force. Second, China plays a much smaller role in the real world than it does in your email inbox. Third, and perhaps most surprisingly, taken together, the European companies outrank the United States — both in the top 100 and top 500 of the Fortune Global 500. Think of Europe as a single country and you suddenly realize that it trounced both the United States and China in the Beijing Olympics. And it wasn’t even close. Yet, consider how likely it would be that you’d ever subscribe to an investment newsletter that focused solely on investment opportunities in Europe. The broader lesson is that distinctions on national lines are increasingly irrelevant. A good example is Arcelor Mittal, the world’s largest steel-maker, which grew its revenues faster than Google did over the past five years. Arcelor Mittal is technically a Luxembourg-based company, run by an Indian, who lives in London. And I’d be surprised if you even knew (or cared) that the world’s #1 company, Royal Dutch Shell, is actually based in the Netherlands. For true multinationals, country of origin is so yesterday. And that’s the way it should be for you in looking at your investments. How to cite The World’s Surprising Economic Superpower, Papers

Local Area Networks Essay Research Paper LANs free essay sample

Local Area Networks Essay, Research Paper Local area network: Local Area Networks Local Area Networks besides called LANs have been a major participant in industrialisation of computing machines. In the past 20 or so old ages the universes industry has be invaded with new computing machine engineering. It has made such an impact on the manner we do concern that it has become indispensable with an ever-growing demand for betterment. LANs give an employer the ability to portion information between computing machines with a simple comparatively cheap system of web cards and package. It besides lets the user or users portion hardware such as Printers and scanners. The velocity of entree between the computing machines is illuming fast because the information has a short distance to cover. In most instances a LAN merely occupies one or a group of edifices located following to each other. For larger country demand there are several other types of webs such as the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Local Area Networks Essay Research Paper LANs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page LANs systems can be defined and connected in many different ways. This is the ground for the standardisation for every one can hold a common land to get down from. The LANs described Herein are distinguished from other types of informations webs in that they are optimized for a moderate size geographic country such as a individual office edifice, warehouse, or a campus. The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared medium peer-to-peer communications web that broadcasts information for all Stationss to have. As a effect, it does non inherently supply privateness. The LAN enables Stationss to pass on straight utilizing a common physical medium on a point-to-point footing without any intermediate shift node being required. There is ever need for an entree sublayer in order to intercede to entree to the shared medium. The web is by and large owned, used, and operated by a individual organisation. This is in contrast to Wide Area Networks ( WANs ) that interconnect communicating installations in different parts of a state or are used as a public public-service corporation. These LANs are besides different from webs, such as backplane coachs, that are optimized for the interconnectedness of devices on a desk top or constituents within a individual piece of equipment. ( IEEE 802 Standard 1990 ) That is the standard definition for LANs by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer commission 802. They are the commission used to put the criterion in craft and operations for technicians that set-up and perform care on LANs systems. And through all the proficient words what they are seeking to state is a LAN is a little country web that distributes information among computing machine in a little work environment unlike WANs that distribute information across planetary countries. It is normally the instance that LAN is owned by the same organisation that owns the affiliated devices. For WANs, this is less frequently the instance, or at least a important fraction of the web assets are non owned. This has two deductions. First, attention must be taken in the pick of LAN, since there may be significant capital investing ( compared to dial-up or leased charges for wide-area webs ) for both purchase and care. Second, the web direction duty for a local web falls entirely on the user. ( Local and metropolitan country webs 1997 ) . The inquiry now is you have a criterion and you have a connexion now how make you pull off the system to run cleanly? Networks use protocols, or regulations, to interchange information though a individual shared connexion. These protocols prevent hits of informations caused by coincident transmittal between two or more computing machines. Computers on most LANs usage protocols known as Ethernet or Token Ring. An Ethernet-linked computing machine cheques if a shared connexion is used. If non, the computing machine transmits informations. Since computing machine can feel an idle connexion and direct informations at the same clip, conveying computing machines continue to supervise their shared connexion and halt transmission if a hit occurs. Token Ring protocols base on balls a particular message called a item through the web. A computing machine that receives the item is given permission to direct a package of information or, if the computing machine has no package to direct, it passed the item to the following computing machine. ( Local Area Network Microsoft 2000 ) I know that it is complicated to understand, but for the existent user the package takes attention of most all of the direction for you. There are seven things that a LANs can make that you can non with easiness do with non-networked stand-alone systems. First sharing files A LAN enables many user to portion a individual transcript of a file stored on a cardinal file waiter computing machine. ( Introduction to Networking 1992 ) Transfering files A LAN enables you to copy files from machine to machine without holding to interchange floppy discs. ( Understanding Data Communications 1993 ) Access information and files A LAN enables anyone to run the accounting package, for illustration, or other application package from any of the workstations ( Introduction to Networking 1992 ) Share applications A LAN enables two people to utilize the same transcript of the Microsoft Word word processing plan at the same time ( Introduction to Networking 1992 ) Simultaneously cardinal informations into an application. Printer sharing and electronic mail with in the system. In decision the LAN has become indispensable in the modern work environment. The ever-growing demand for promotion has become a really profitable industry in its ego and it will go on to turn for a long clip to come. For now we are hardly planing the possibilities and uses for this new networking engineering.

Risk Management Bart Erry Ltd

Risk management is defined as the process used to identify, assess and prioritize risks. Risks are normally handled or given attention according to the priority they are given. There are several steps involved in each of the processes of risk management.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Management: Bart Erry Ltd specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the identification of the risks, one has to consider their causes, the disruptions they cause to the company’s operations, the reasons for their occurrence, and the resultant changes (Haslet 2010, p. 12). In risk assessment, hazards consist of the harm that might be encountered in the course of managing the risk. Therefore, precautions, implementation and re-evaluation of all the stages and close monitoring, are the steps that need to be taken. All these factors are also considered in prioritizing risks (Lark, Galai Crouhy 2000, p. 110). Political Risks The location of the company’s production and manufacturing unit near Pluwer River is likely to raise concerns in the society. Operating restrictions may be a big setback and they could hinder the company’s expansion plans. The surrounding neighborhood complains of the risks of disease outbreak due to chemicals that have been spilled into the waters. The states and countries that use the Pluwer River’s waters are likely to file these complaints in court (Moran 2004, p. 65). Therefore, the company needs to re-examine its level of preparedness in managing these risks. The controls operating currently also need to be examined. The decision making operations should continue without failure as this may help solve the problem and improve the economy of the people living in this area, who depend on the company for employment (Henisz Zelner n.d., p. 3). Economic Risks The likelihood of the company having economic problems is another factor that should be considered. Due to the changes that have occurred in the global market, the organization must put in place new prizes for the company’s products. This is a risk that must be made by the company to avoid losing its trusted customers. The competition it gets from other car battery manufacturing companies is fierce.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demand is likely to go down due to the relatively cheaper products of other companies, which are available in the market. Another way to solve the economic crisis this company is facing is the production of high quality products. The name of the company is a household brand in many countries, and this is one of the areas it could exploit (Rudolf, Hommel Frenkel 2005, p. 212). Social Risks The requisite measures should be taken to protect the vulnerable people in Puma Township. The social protection criterion has to be presented as safety for t he poor and the employees living in Puma town. The program should aim at improving the quality and standard of living of the people in this town. This could help promote cohesion between the company and the society (Lynch 2009, Para. 1-4). Technological Risks One of the technological risks facing this company is the production of batteries of poor quality. This might be a little higher in expenditure cost, but it could help in maintaining the customers’ trust and confidence. The reason behind this is the stiff competition from other manufacturing companies in the market. Since the prices of its batteries are relatively high, coming up with high quality products can enable it to record more sales without necessarily lowering its prices (Chapman 2011, p. 312). Legal Risks The company faces various legal risks, which need to be resolved. Product and employee liability risks are among the various legal dangers it faces. The product liability risk can be minimized by the company t hrough outsourcing. This absolves the company from being legally responsible for the final products. The employee’s liability refers to the deduction of their payments so that the company can invest more in regaining its economic stability (Dilanchian 2009, Para. 2). All companies must comply with the companies’ act of legislation and The Bart Err Limited is not an exception to this rule. If it fails to comply with this act, the company risks being subjected to legal action by the government or the other authorities involved (Padmanabhan, Lakshmikumaran Sridharan n.d., p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Management: Bart Erry Ltd specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental Risks Environmental protection is very important to any organization or company. The Bart Erry Ltd. Company has a legal responsibility in protecting the environment from pollution. The risk of spillage of the company ’s chemical storage tanks to the Pluwer River is an environmental problem that must be tackled at once. The company is likely to be fined according to the law governing the environmental management and responsibility of such companies. This is an inescapable risk that the company has to take (Petley Smith 2009, p. 122). Competitive Risks The risk of competition is likely to see the company reduce the price of its batteries and their components. This will help attract customers who might consider buying batteries from the new companies that sell their products at cheaper prices. The company may experience an income reduction but at least maintain its market segment (Kytle Ruggie 2005, p. 2). Disaster Recovery Plan The Company should employ environmental hazard management experts to help in detoxification of Pluwer River. Appropriate anti-toxins should be used to reduce the level of the toxins released by the chemicals the company manufactures (Fischbacher-Smith Fischbacher- Smith 2012, Para. 1). The company can also decide to compensate the small scale fishermen in Puma town and encourage them to stop fishing until detoxification is completed. Taking into account the technical hazards that normally emerge, the company will have to construct a wall surrounding its storage facilities. This wall will prevent any future disasters from occurring in the future. The Bart Erry Ltd. Company has an obligation to ensure that the storage systems of its chemicals are improved so as to eliminate the possibility of spilling. The tanks should be closed with tight lids that should not break open, even under high pressure (Holzmann, Sherburne-Benz Tesliuc 2003, p. 3). The value chain analysis involves the manufacture, distribution, and supply of products to the consumers. The main parties involved in the chain are the shareholders of the company. In addition to manufacturing, the company also carries out distribution in order to reduce the cost of its batteries at the consumers’ level. The chemicals used by the company are produced by the same factory (Holzmann Jorgensen 2000, p. 4).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This reduces the expense incurred in buying finished chemical products as the cost of producing them is cheaper. The employees are directly linked to the company and can directly by doing business with it. The company employs these four principles for effective chain business running: auctions and bidding, chain coordination and supplying in e-business, multiple channels of supply and network design. These methods are yet to be fully implemented, even though some of them are underway (Simchi-Levi, Wu Shen 2004, p. 3). In summary, the Bart Erry Ltd Company is a blooming business oriented project with a vision of improving the lifestyle of people around Puma town and the world at large. Unanticipated disasters and other risks that occur in this type of business are to be expected. However, the effective management of the risks involved and the implementation of its well thought out strategies will see its expansion plans become a reality. References Chapman, R, J 2011, Simple tools a nd techniques fro enterprise risk management, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK. Dilanchian, N 2009, ‘Business law loegal risk management framework’, Dilanchian.com. Web. Fischbacher-Smith, D Fischbacher-Smith, M 2012, ‘Risk management’, Palgrave- journals.com. Web. Haslet, WV 2010, Risk management: foundations for a changing financial world, CFA Institute, Hoboken, NJ. Henisz, WJ Zelner, BA n.d., Political risk management: a strategic perspective, Wharton Publishers, Philadelphia, PA. Holzmann, R, Jorgensen, S 2000, Social risk management: a new conceptual  framework for social protection, and beyond, The World Bank, Washington, DC. Holzmann, R, Sherburne-Benz, L, Tesliuc, E 2003, Social risk management: the world  bank’s approach to social protection in a globalizing world, The Pennsylvania State University, Washington, DC. Kytle, B, Ruggie, JG 2005, Corporate social responsibility as risk management, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Lark , R, Galai, D, Crouhy, M 2000, Risk management, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY. Lynch, GS 2009, Risk management and economic change: a catalyst for re-evaluating  business preparedness, mitigation and response, Marsh McLennan Companies, Inc., New York, NY. Moran, TH 2004, International political risk management: the brave new world, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Mangement/ The World Bank, Washington, DC. Padmanabhan, TK, Lakshmikumaran, D, Sridharan, F n.d., Corporate legal risk-  management and mitigation, North Dakota, New Delhi. Petley, DN, Smith, K 2009, Environmental harzards: assessing risk and reducing  disaster, Routledge, New York, NY. Rudolf, L, Hommel, U Frenkel, M 2005, Risk management: challenge and opportunity, Springer Berlin, New York, NY. Simchi-Levi, D, Wu, S, D Shen, Z, M 2004, Supply chain analysis and e-business, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, NY. This report on Risk Management: Bart Erry Ltd was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ice-Fili Case Study Essays

Ice-Fili Case Study Essays Ice-Fili Case Study Paper Ice-Fili Case Study Paper Attractiveness of the Five Forces Framework in the Russian Ice Cream Market Although the Russian ice cream market may initially look attractive due to its consistent growth in ice cream production/demand in recent years, after evaluating the market through the five forces framework, it becomes clear that the market far from attractive. Since the open market economy was first introduced to Russia in 1991, ice cream producer competition has more than tripled in sized to 300 firms by 2002. Significant funding would be required for ice cream manufacturing/distribution and a new entrant would also need to consider the market’s pre-existing loyalty to domestic brands. There is also a luxury tax associated with ice cream production, which negatively affects the potential for current and future profit. While many foreign competitors exited the market during the economic crisis of 1998, the companies that remained presented significant competitive pressure and prowess. For instance, Nestle leveraged their international brands and large advertising budget to â€Å"push† their products into distribution channels for the Russian consumer. Without Nestle’s scale, a significantly smaller company would have difficulties competing in on the same advertising caliber. There are various ice cream substitutes available to the Russian consumer including beer, soda, yogurts, chocolates, and other confectionery candies. Demand for these substitutes is also higher than demand for ice cream because they have chosen to adopt aggressive and expensive advertising and branding strategies. Although one can argue that the increased demand is due to the larger advertising spend, the change in consumer preferences may also be a critical factor, further pointing to the unattractiveness of the ice cream market. Ice cream production requires supply from equipment vendors and raw material retailers. However, data shows that neither equipment vendors nor raw material suppliers have much bargaining power in this industry. The number of local equipment vendors increased due to contracts and joint financing from ice cream producers. Due to this, the supply constraint has been drastically reduced for the procurement of raw materials. As an ice cream producer, buyer decision is largely influenced by the distribution channel. Since three of five channels (kiosks, minimarts, gastronoms) cover 95% of industry production, this is where the bargaining power of buyers lies. Considering that these three channels are extremely limited by physical space, they have the ability to pick and choose the ice cream producers and brands they wish to carry. Because of this, it is imperative for an ice cream producer to work jointly with kiosk distributors to sell their products and to maintain an amiable business relationship. Future Effects of Competitiveness on Price and Profits in the Russian Ice Cream Market Price and profit competition will evolve depending on the drivers of current market price. By analyzing the factors outlined below, we can determine how pricing is determined in the near future. Branding is a significant factor in determining a product’s price point. For instance, Nestle, Ice-Fili’s largest competitor, charges a high price because they have been able to generate brand loyalty and trust with their consumers. The focus of domestic ice cream producers was not developing a brand, which is a main factor on why their prices and profit margins are not competitive against foreign competitors who have relied on branding and advertising to drive their pricing decisions. Another reason that branding has been â€Å"pushed† so effectively is due to the raw power of advertising dollars spent. Foreign competitors like Nestle and Baskin Robbins are able to bring in deeper pockets of advertising dollars due to their scale outside of Russia and are reapplying advertising strategies that have worked in other markets. At this point, profits were being affected by the advertising campaigns because most companies did not rely on television advertising and were now forced to ramp up advertising spend to remain keep up with foreign competition. Similarly, ice cream pricing and competition are driven by seasonality due to increase/decreased consumption in varying climates. To compensate for this factor and the declining market demand, many ice cream producers may have to raise prices during ice cream production but can redirect equipment utilization to other products (e. g. rozen foods and meats) during the â€Å"low† seasons. Furthermore, as classified by the tax regulation, ice cream is seen as a â€Å"luxury† item and is not integrated to daily consumer habits. Therefore, prices are driven by the fact that ice cream is not an everyday necessity, so the demand of ice cream is elastic; if prices go up, the quantity demanded may not increase by the same percentage. Profit margins for the ice cream market are high (15-20%) by Russian standards when comparing to substitute products, but delivering the profit margin requires a deeper understanding of the profit cost structure. Because of the increasing trend of in-home consumption, buyers will most likely turn to supermarkets or gastronoms to support this change in habit due to a kiosk’s inability to hold larger volumes of ice cream. As such, ice cream producers will need to re-evaluate their profit margins by focusing on how distribution costs will change to support the growth of in-home production. Could the Industry Become More Attractive Over Time? The Russian ice cream market definitely has the potential to become more attractive over time. The historical events that plagued it seem to be a memory of the past, and growth potential seems to be on the rise. Though there have been numerous competitors who have entered the market, since 1997 not only has production continued to rise, but ice cream consumption by volume and per capita has increased as well over this time period. This is particularly interesting when considering that the population of Russia has consistently fallen since 1990, which displays that either the market itself is expanding to new clientele and/or ice cream customers are consuming a consistently elevating amount. With the possibility of expanding competition through marketing warfare, the market of customers will continue to grow with more potential to brand as well as steal/develop more market share. As market and differentiation advantage is more readily established, there will naturally be the elimination of smaller competitors who cannot compete in marketing funds nor have established themselves in serving a customer niche. The introduction of new distribution through supermarkets will also assist in market expansion by making the ice cream more convenient for year-round availability as well as less impulsive demand buyers. The supermarket as well as brand innovations are seemingly switching customers in a direction away from just kiosk buying but that of home consumption, which will create a new level of consumer loyalty and buyer maturity as well as increased gross profits potentially. Sources of Competitive Advantage in the Russian Ice Cream Market: A firm’s three main relative competitive advantages include cost, differentiation, and marketing. In Russia, the majority of per-serving ice cream prices varied from 2. 5 to 15 rubles. Ice-Fili’s price point was mid-market at about rubles per item when â€Å"premium† brands, like Nestle, charged 10 rubles. Regional producers sold at cheaper prices, but were not as widely distributed. Western â€Å"premium† brands, such as Baskin Robbins, could cost up to 30 rubles per serving. Differentiation in the market comes from the fat content of the ice cream, and if the rest of the ingredients are natural or if the company uses preserva tives. Russian consumers put a much greater value on higher fat content and unique texture over the use of potentially unhealthy preservatives. Another difference between traditional Russian ice cream and â€Å"premium† Western ice cream is the use of oils (such as coconut oil) instead of milk as minimally processed products are valued more by the Russian consumer. For example, Ice-Fili had the differentiating competitive advantage of being GOST approved while foreign competitors did not. Marketing advantages in the Russian ice cream market include distribution channels, sales force, advertising, and brand equity. Smaller, regional ice cream producers are limited in their ability to break into the large city markets which are dominated by multinationals and large producers. Companies with kiosks and cafes need to be mindful of their sales training programs in order to most effectively sell their product. Ice-Fili’s Position in the Russian Market Ice-Fili traces its roots back to 1937 and was the Soviet Union’s first large-scale ice cream manufacturer. Due to its long, established history in Russia, Ice-Fili already owned a large domestic factory when the open market was introduced and multinational companies were able to enter in the early 1990’s. It may also be argued that Ice-Fili’s traditional Russian recipe (from the Soviet days when it was named Moshladokombinat N 8) gave it a brand equity advantage from its inception. Ice-Fili was the largest producer of ice cream in the Russian market. They had an extensive network of permanent and temporary kiosks/stands which have historically been the main distribution channel for ice cream in Russia. The company also prides itself on using only natural ingredients in its ice cream. No preservatives or colorants are added since Russian consumers have traditionally been more concerned with the amount of preservatives than fat content. Other producers used palm or coconut oil and preservatives to decrease costs. Traditional Russian ice cream (which Ice-Fili produces) contains 15% milk fat whereas Western â€Å"premium† ice cream contains 10%. This gives traditional Russian ice cream its unique flavor and texture. After the Russian financial crisis of 1998, Ice-Fili continued to use sweet cream butter from New Zealand (82% fat content) instead of the Russian butter (72% fat content) that its competitors were using after the 1998 financial crisis. By doing this, they were able to maintain product differentiation which, in turn, helped them to maintain customer loyalty. Competitor Strengths and Weaknesses: Ice-Fili has new regional producers (e. g. Russkii Holod) that have no links to the traditional, Soviet- style of ice cream manufacturing, yet continue to gain market share through cheap pricing. Their weakness is not having the money to support expansion through the purchase of large, expensive equipment and factories. It is also very difficult for them to compete with multinational or large domestic manufacturers in the cities. Nestle, Ice-Fili’s most fierce competitor, has been doing business in Russia since 1996. They have advertised heavily and invested in local Russian factories to keep import costs down. Their issue is that their ice cream is not made with traditional Russian ingredients or natural products, providing a substantial competitive advantage for Ice-Fili, contributing to why the brand has remained afloat. Baskin Robbins has been around since 1990 and has factories in Russia. They have been one of the few ice cream franchisors, establishing a wide market of â€Å"premium† shops and cafes. Their biggest weakness is that their ice cream is highly priced (up to 30 rubles per serving) and that their staff and managers at the cafes and shops lack proper training. Brand Strategy â€Å"M? † (We ARE Russian Ice Cream! ) Ice-Fili needs to engage in increased television and print advertising to keep up with the competition. Another possibility is to hire national celebrities to endorse the product (e. g. the Russian Gymnastics team) to maintain their ties to Russian tradition. It may also be profitable for Ice-Fili to focus on developing a brand and a customer loyalty program to motivate consumers to shift their preference. Ice-Fili’s stance as a brand should exude strong consumer pride in traditional Russian products. According to the adage, â€Å"The enemy of my enemy is my friend,† one possible strategy to pursue would be the acquisition or merger with one of the existing competitors. This could enable the new company to increase its market share, pool its resources (and thereby reducing costs) and a possible expansion into previous explored or unexplored markets. Some possibilities for a merger would be the companies Petroholod (P) and Lipetskiy Hladokombinat (LH) (pg 24, Exhibit 11). P could provide the expertise to invest into local retail thereby â€Å"attacking† some of the local ice cream manufacturers and possibly increasing the market share. Since P is also vertically integrated with distribution this could provide Ice-Fili the opportunity to pool resources and reduce costs, possibly increasing its share in distribution and eliminating as much of the distribution mark-up as possible. Exhibit 9 states that distributors claim a 40% mark-up so increasing vertical integration into distribution could result in significant cost savings. Since P also has a market in storage and wholesale trade of frozen products this could provide Ice-Fili an opportunity to expand its ice-cream sales into the wholesale market and increasing its market share as well. LH also has a vertical integration in retail and local cafes. A merger with this company would also give Ice-Fili the chance to cut into local ice-cream manufacturers’ shares and by expanding its reach through LH retails arm. With an investment into local cafe’s Ice-Fili can increase an untapped market like restaurants and supermarkets, with a combined 5% of sales (Exhibit 10). An expansion into local cafes could cut into Baskin-Robbins’ shares Overall, both companies can provide Ice-Fili with a successfully implanted cost advantage over competitors by reducing savings in the distribution and retail mark-up categories; a marketing advantage through increased distribution and sales into local retails and cafe’s as well as a differentiation advantage. The differentiation advantage goes hand-in-hand with cost advantage. By reducing the markup costs, Ice-Fili has the possibility to continue manufacturing its ice-cream without any dairy substitutes which, according to Exhibit 9, can provide 50% cost savings and ultimately deliver a better quality ice-cream. Another possible strategy would be to look forward, survey the market and see if there is a demand for frozen yogurt products. With the rest of the Western world battling obesity, there might also be a market for more health conscious consumers. By exploring this possibility, but still maintaining the quality product they are known for, Ice-Fili could become an innovative, global leader in a ground-breaking, health-conscious ice cream market. Ice-Fili cannot afford to pass up the opportunity to expand into the dry ice export/import market which could clearly become their cash cow. Though this decision will require some start-up investment costs in the form of man power, design and creative technology, it would also allow the company to diversify their assets and leverage their resources in the highly competitive ice cream market. This would also provide the company with a backup plan of exiting the ice cream market if market conditions become extremely unfavorable. The dry ice expansion would also have contingent benefits for Ice-Fili, potentially allowing for more efficient transport of their natural products within Russia.

Annotated bibliography Essay Example for Free (#7)

Annotated bibliography Essay Source 1:http://business.time.com/2011/08/31/will-steve-jobs-departure-hurt-the-economy/ Summarize: This article discusses how big of an impact Steve Jobs has on the economy we live in today. Apple is a multi-billion dollar company. It has more financial ammo than most sovereign countries, by financial ammo I mean it has much more money than others companies in sovereign countries. Apple trumps the Gross domestic production of Denmark, Thailand, and Greece, which makes the company a true power house in today’s Society. If someone were to ask me what this article is about, I would tell them it explains in detail the impact Steve jobs had on the global economy. Mr. Jobs affected many countries from japan to the United States in a multitude of ways. Assess: This source is useful because it exemplifies the impact of Steve jobs from the Economic perspective. This source is very reliable because it is covered with update information and it is an original written article. The author of this article is not biased; the article exhibits both pros and cons. The goal of this article is to explain the impact Steve jobs had on the economy. Reflection: This source is genuinely helpful to me because it brings forth perfect points that I can connect to while I write my paper. It states how apple affects not only the United States Economy but other countries’ economies as well. This article helps my argument because it says that Steve jobs have a very big effect on the economy. An example of this is in the stock market, when Steve jobs stepped down as CEO of apple, the stock market dropped 5 percent. That is a bona-fide example of how he affects the economy in contrast to the prime Minister of Japan. Source 2: http://www.economist.com/node/21551058 Summarize: This article predominantly talks about how Apple is a major economy innovator. In the last 11 years, apple has come out with 3 products that have completely changed the market. The iPod, iPhone, and iPad. Apple has provided ways to effortlessly surf the internet anywhere anyone wants to, with a beautiful design. Apple has basically created its own mobile generation. Apple has demonstrated that even though the economy is strict, consumers are willing to pay for a â€Å"must have gadget†. Assess: This source is ideally useful because it describes how apple has surpassed its  competitors. Within the last 11 years apple has come out with 3 products that have changed the economy not only in the United States but in other countries too. The information presented in this article is reliable, because all the information is authentic. Also this article is not biased; it shows both the pros and con of the affects Apple has on the economy. The goal of this source is to show how Steve jobs affected the economy in various countries. Reflection: This source will be used to represent how much money Steve jobs generates and how people are willing to do to get this â€Å"must have product†. For an example there was a near-riot in Beijing when customers could not buy the latest iPhone. This source is useful to me because it shows how Steve jobs effects the economy, again when your product runs out and it starts a riot, it is clearly affecting the economy of that region. The source will shape my argument because it helps me show people just how much of an affect Steve Jobs has on the economy, his products are so well loved that if there aren’t any left people start to riot over it. Global Politics: Source 1: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2& Summarize: This article mainly discuses the comment made by President Obama. As Steve Jobs was speaking, President Barack Obama interrupted and asked him â€Å"what would it take to make iPhones in the United States?Why can’t that work come home?† He said that because apple was saying that their products were made in the United States but practically all of the 70 million iPhones, 30 million iPads and 59 million other products that Apple produce were sold last year, were manufactured overseas. Mr. Jobs responded withâ€Å"Those jobs aren’t coming back.† He said that because 700,000 people engineer and build and assemble apple parts, in addition to the 43,00 people apple employs in the United States and the 20,000 they employ overseas. Nearly none of those 700,000 people live in the United states, they work in other countries. Some part of the iPhone are American. The software for the iPhone, for instance, and its marketing campaigns were created in the United States. Apple recently built a $500 million data center in North Carolina.â€Å"Also another advantage for Apple was that China provided engineers at an extent the United States could not Annotated bibliography. (2016, May 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Crimes against humanity and the international community Research Paper

Crimes against humanity and the international community - Research Paper Example Genocide in Rwanda was a result of the sudden death of Rwandan president Juvenal, a Hutu when the plane he was traveling in was shot down in Kigali, which propelled ethnic tension between the country’s Hutu and Tutsi. Between 500,000 to one million lives of Tutsis together with thousands of restrained Hutus were slaughtered in the plain genocide since horrors of holocaust after the world withdrew and watched. The US policy at the time of genocide; even though, the US officials at the never convened to conspire or allow the genocide to unfold, their convictions regarding the occurrences indicate they the official actually sat and allowed the genocide to unfold. This is evident since many of US policy makers who were able to make decisions knew enough regarding the genocide in time to allow them to save the lives of the Tutsis and Hutus that perished in the massacre, nevertheless, the US passed up numerous opportunities to intervene. There were many early warning of the Rwanda g enocide but they were systematically brushed aside; for instance, the Belgian ambassador in Kigali in 1992 revealed that a secret group in Rwanda was planning to exterminate the Tutsis of Rwanda in an attempt to resolve for the last time the problem of ethnicity. The 1994 Rwandan genocide has been considered remarkable for its speed of violence and widespread participation that had an estimated 200,000 killers who managed to massacre more than half a million Tutsi’s in mere 100 days. In early 1990s, Hutu extremists in Rwanda’s political elite faulted the Tutsi minority for the nation’s increasing economic, social and political pressures; moreover, Tutsi civilians were accused of supporting the Tutsi-dominated rebel group, which known as the Rwandan Patriotic front (RPF). This propaganda and constant political maneuvering the then president together with his group increased the rifts between Hutu and Tutsi toward the end of 1992, considering the past, which was d ominated by oppressive Tutsi rule; majority of the Hutu not only resented but also feared the minority. On April 6, 1994 following the downing of the plane that was carrying the Hutu president violence in the country began almost immediately killing high profile opponents of Hutu extremists and people suspected of being Tutsi. During the genocide, families were killed at a time and women systematically and brutally raped by people who were part of the estimated 200,000 individuals who perpetrated and participated in the nation’s genocide. After a span of few weeks 800,000 men, women and children died in the genocide and as much as three quarters of the Tutsis; moreover, during this time many Hutus were murdered if they opposed the massacre campaign as well as the forces that directed the campaign (â€Å"Genocide in Rwanda†). Therefore, it is evident that the Rwandan genocide arose from the conscious choice of the political elite to embrace hatred and fear in order to k eep them in power, with the small privileged group setting the majority community against the minority in an attempt to counter the increased political opposition in the nation. However, when they were faced with the triumph of RPF within the battlefield as well as being in the negotiating table with them, the few holders changed the approach of

Scholarship for Young Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For Young Entrepreneur - Scholarship Essay Example ion called Pausa-GmbH as an internee, where I was responsible for cash and inventory management; along with these responsibilities, I also took active part in the strategic planning function of the organization. This experience further enhanced my abilities as a proficient manager and helped me developing my own business. I am a person with skills and talents, which I try polishing rather than wasting. Therefore, I keep myself busy working on different tasks and gaining experience, with the help of my multitasking ability. I joined JU Rosenheim, a political party and worked there as a recruiter. My major responsibility was to convince people to join the party and, as a result, I developed strong communication and convincing skills, which could definitely help me as an entrepreneur. In addition, I am active in physical activities and served as football coach at SpVgg-Unterhaching. Keeping in view that I am an active participant in various entrepreneurial activities, I believe, that I ideally qualify for the scholarship; however, my grim financial position will make it difficult for me to continue my educational journey. As I am an established entrepreneur, I hereby, apply for young entrepreneur scholarship. I hope that management of the institute will consider my request. I will be very grateful for this kind

Secular Views on the Concept of Kindness Essay Example for Free

Secular Views on the Concept of Kindness Essay In our modern world, it is unfortunate that kindness seems to be one of the most neglected character traits people choose to cultivate in their everyday lives. Kindness is listed by Paul as one of the Fruits of the Holy Spirit the nine visual traits that distinguish authentic Christian living in Chapter 5 of Pauls letter to the Galatians. Confucius instructed his followers to recompense kindness with kindness. One of the Ten Perfections in Buddhism is Metta, or loving-kindness. According to the Talmud, deeds of kindness are equal in weight to all the commandments. On a secular note, Nietzsche proposed that kindness and love are the most curative herbs and agents in human intercourse. Aristotle pointed out that kindness is helpfulness towards some one in need, not in return for anything, nor for the advantage of the helper himself, but for that of the person helped. Some even consider the majority of Shakespeares opus to be a study of human kindness. In my own humble opinion, kindness is an essential attribute for any person to possess. Kindness is refreshing to both receive and dish out to others worthy of it. Others tell me frequently that I am a very kind person. My mother and father both are very kind people. I dont consider kindness as something out of the ordinary, as many others seem to do. In an ideal world everyone would be brought up to show kindness to others; however we are not in an ideal world. I, on the other hand, I was raised to show respect, kindness and compassion to others. I believe that small, every day acts of kindness nourish the soul and body. For example, when I was younger I used to go visit an elderly, widowed woman named Rose in my neighborhood. She was very limited in the things she could do for herself because she had developed arthritis and had frequent back trouble. She could still do for herself, but she couldnt get around as well as she could in her youth. I did light housework, ran errands, and offered her conversation. I didnt expect anything material in return. I just welcomed the satisfaction of knowing I played a part in making this womans life easier and more satisfying. I enjoyed seeing her being able to sit on the porch and enjoy the sunshine. It warmed my heart to bring a smile to her face and to know that I made a positive difference in her day to day life. I did this without compensation for about a year. Miss Rose was such a sweet woman. It hurt me dearly when she suddenly moved away. To sum it up, I believe that it is acts of kindness such as these that would make life more fulfilling for the giver as well as the recipient. If everyone made made the decision to do one act of kindness for another everyday it would make the world an infinitely sweeter and more bearable place for all to live in. I believe that is kindness was emphasized and cultivated more by those in our society, then a host of problems in our society such as poverty, hunger and violence would be greatly reduced or eradicated.

the cuban mile :: essays research papers

Latin American Societies Book report The Cuban Mile   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cuban Mile, written by Cuban native Alejandro Hernandez Diaz, is a story about two Cubans who set sea for Miami in hopes of finding more successful lives. The author writes as if he was one of the refugees, and we are reading his journal entries. The journey lasts seven days, with obviously many entries per day. The entries are categorized by how many miles these two men have traveled by that point. The narrator and his brother in law are on their way to meet Cynthia, who is the sister of one and the wife of the other. She was awarded the opportunity to study in America and believes her loved ones can enjoy greater success in a capitalist society. Each man has his own reason for leaving his country; the narrator, only 20, wants to be a painter and feels no ties to his family or country, while his brother in law, 28, is a sailor and wishes to reap the riches of America. It really is unclear as to why the narrator would risk his life to leave Cuba, the only apparent reasons are his isolation from his family and his desire to be with his sister, who has faith in him and believes he can be a great painter in the United States. Obviously, his brother in law wishes to be with his wife, while he has dreams of sailing yagts living in excess. Neither likes the other all too much, they seem to have sincere contempt for each other as they are actually quite opposite and don’t understand one another much. The sailor is the macho, right wing type, while the painter has an effeminate, artistic flair to him. Along the trip, â€Å"Commodore†, as he’s called by the narrator, attempts to pass the time with chatting, while t he narrator prefers to read the books he brought along. Occasionally they’ll interact, swaying between playful poking fun and long monologues that the other doesn’t listen to. The goal of these two refugees is to be picked up by the United States Coast Guard and be brought back to American soil. On the fifth day, the see another ship, but it’s not that of the Coast Guard. Commodore paddles ferociously, so as to not be seen by what he perceives to be a Cuban vessel. To loose weight and travel faster, he instructs his partner to toss over his bag of books.

Unit criteria

Pl Criteria- using the case studies provided write an explanation of how you would use principles and values when planning your clients care Introduction For the first part of this assignment I will be using principles of planning wealth care in health and social care with each client differently to benefit each clients care needs. Principles are guided lines to show how to carry out the best way of care for different service users and also to inform or guide staff members on the correct way to behave when carrying out care.Case study 1- Tom is an elderly man who has been diagnosed with dementia. Tom is a sociable man who used to enjoy his career as an art teacher and has sold some of his paintings, he also enjoys being in the garden of the Independent living unit. Whenever possible he Likes to look after the plants In the containers on the patio and the Indoor plants positioned around the home. Tom shares the Independent living unit with two other people. There are full time careers that support the service users with their activities of daily living.Tom lacks the capacity to make informed decisions regarding his health and wellbeing. In collaboration with tom and his next of kin Staffs are able to devise a care plan that promotes his holistic wellbeing. The first principle I will be using is empowerment. In doing this it means that I will be giving each individual the correct amount of information to enable them to make informed decisions and also to make choices about their care needs and their life.The way that I would use empowerment with tom would be giving him enough independence so that he would be able to make his own decisions , I would also be allowing tom to take responsibility for how he would Like to carry out his day such as at he wants to wear and also If he wants to make himself a drink or If he would want to help make the food then allow him to help out in doing this it ill help to build toms independence and also it will gradually help tom fe el more respected and he will feel as if everyone around him has respect him.As a staff member the main priority would be to help make sure that tom is happy about what is happening and also to include tom on decisions. One way that would make sure tom was included would be when making toms care plan and the staff could include him by asking him if what as in the plan was okay for hi or if he wanted anything changing within it to make sure that he felt as if he was involved or if he had a say In It.I would also support tom's preferences and would recognize his preferences In doing this It would mean that I would be asking tom what he would want to happen and In doing this It would give him some Independence. Showing tom that I am supporting his preference would be me allowing tom to continue to look after the plants indoors everyone else who was in the unit with him. In meeting tom's physical, intellectual, social and emotional needs means that when leaning his care plan we will nee d to talk into account his physical needs such as if He needs to exercise.Intellectually we would need to figure out how to build up his memory even though tom suffers with dementia this is no excuse to leave this set of needs out. Socially we could invite other members of the unit to Join in with the permission of tom with helping him in the gardening. Looking at the emotional needs for tom a lot of people with dementia have trouble expressing their feelings which normally results in frustration in this situation you would need to take into account hat tom is an individual and depending on how you react to this will be personal to him.Due to his dementia arranging social outings may be difficult as he could forget where he is and what was planned in doing this he may get frustrated and could lash out. But instead we could encourage tom to take part in activities in small groups with other service users in the unit this will also help with toms intellectual needs as well in doing th is it would also help hi to socialism with the other members in the unit, it will help tom to become friends with the service users and ill also build trust tit them.Emotionally e could ask toms family to visit 2-3 ties a week in doing this it will help tom to see the progress within his family and it will also build his social needs to as he will be interacting with different groups of people and conversation will also change. Staff members could ask tom how he is feeling and how he feels about his activities this would give tom someone to talk to if he was having a bad day and it would help him to trust others with tom telling the staff how he is feeling it may also give them an incite to how he would like to be treat and also how they could make his ATA more enjoyable . N inviting his family around it will give him something to look forward to even if tom wasn't in the best of moods during the week reminding him that his family are coming to visit him Taking his physical needs in to account we would need to make sure that tom would be taking his medication at the right times and making sure that he actually takes them due to his dementia he may forget that he needs to take any sort of medication, to make sure that tom is taking all of his necessary medication I would suggest that a member of staff supervises him.Working in partnership would mean that staff would be working towards contribution off the support that tom would need.Working with his family, gap's and the current careers working within the independent living unit the staff would also be working with tom, in doing this it would mean that we would sit down with tom and his family as well as other health care professionals and making a care plan for him that would care plan that has been made for him is important as his family would need to check if what was in the care plan was best for him and would be the best way to carry out is care needs it is important that tom is included in making decisions for his care plan as he may have suggestion and including him would make him feel valued and respected.Carrying out holistic care means looking at the whole care of the individual and focusing mainly on them in doing this it means that the staff would be focusing mainly on tom in doing this it would mean that tom would feel more valued because the staff members would have more time to carry out his care and it would also mean that his care needs would be carried out fully, they would be focusing on his dedication needs, and they would be focusing on dietary and exercise needs Just because tom has dementia does not mean that he shouldn't exercise if tom did not exercise it may mean that he would become unhealthy and his health would also deteriorate. They should also take into account his past and current hobbies in doing this it would show that the staff where paying attention to him. Case study 2 Sue is a 43 year old woman who has had a stroke. She lives in oak ridge care home.She has lost the use of her right arm and leg she has difficulty speaking clearly. Fortunately sue is left handed. Sue is an intelligent woman who until she had her stroke ran her own business and had 23 employed people. Sue likes to listen to music and socialism with other residents in the home. She especially enjoys craft sessions as she used to complete cross stitch embroidery as a hobby Sue is also taking part in physiotherapy to help strengthen her right arm and has learnt to use a walking stick for support, she also has speech therapy. Since sue has had her stroke I believe that her physical needs have lowered but are still quite high due to her stroke.I would then promote sues needs rights and choices by giving sue anything that she had requested such as something specific within her care plan. I would also need to respect sues opinion in doing this it would build trust and also start to build a good relationship, it would also help sue to feel respected and it may also build he r confidence as well. Also respecting sues privacy when she wants it is important as she may feel disrespected if a staff member didn't allow her any privacy. Allowing sue to chose activities which she wants to take part in would build her independence another way that would show staff would be respecting her references is by allowing her to choose what she would want to wear or if she would want to go out somewhere asking her where she should want to go .My next principle is confidentiality, maintaining confidentiality wit sue is important to make sure that sue trusts you if sue did not trust the staff then it may make it difficult to carry out her care needs. By maintaining sues confidentiality it would mean that if sue had confided in you and said that she does not feel happy or if it was something that may cause concern or could cause harm to sue then this is the only time that his could break the trust between sue and the career. If sue had told you something that may concern y ou FRR her safety then you would need to alert a higher member of staff and her family to make sure that she is kept safe and out of danger .When planning sues heath care plan her family should also be involved as well as other health care professionals such as physiotherapists, speech therapists it is important to involve other health care professionals with sues case study because there are many ways that would help so return to how she was before she had her trope, in her care plan there would need to be some sort of routine that would regularly have physiotherapy and speech therapy in it having regular sessions would make sues development of speech a lot quicker and also regular physiotherapy sessions will help her to develop the feeling back in bother her arm and leg in doing this it will boost her confidence and self esteem. To support sues values and cultures the staff should let her do things that she enjoys even if the staff members do not agree.Listening to sues lifestyle and how she looks at things is important to know exactly how to treat her, allowing sue to socialism with there residents and take part in her hobbies will show sue that you respect her and also will also build up trust and it ill give the staff members a wider range of knowledge about sues views and how she lives her life. If sue was quite a religious person and prayed quite a lot then a staff member could assign certain times through the day or even night where she could have some alone time and some privacy to carry out her prayers and anything else that she needed to do, if the staff did not allow sue to carry out her religious practices then they would be discriminating against her and this would be unprofessionalSupporting sues preferences is also important as it is what she wants. Respecting sues preferences would mean allowing her to listen to the music which she wanted at a reasonable time and also volume, to help with this you could by sue a music player that was for sues use only this would help sue to feel respected, valued and also independent. Sue also likes socializing so she could ask a few of the other service users in the home that she is friendly with to sit and have dinner with her in a small group , some of the other service users have similar health issues so with sue Ewing friends with them means that she has someone that she could relate to.With sues hobbies are most loved hobby is cross stitch embroidery , if sue wanted to she could set up a little group activity for herself and some of the other service users , the only issue with this is that it may need two hands to take part in this hobby if sue sees that other service users are capable of doing the activity but she is not so capable then she may get upset and frustrated resulting in her being also gives her more of the independence and if she sees sue struggling she could hen ask sue if she would like any help and if she says yes then continue to help but if she says no then respe ct her wishes and allow her to continue by herself. The type of care that sue is receiving is holistic care , holistic care means that the staff look at the whole care for sue such as exercise dietary needs etc having holistic care means that the staff will be able to focus mainly on sue and will take more time to plan her care plan making sure that sue is involved to make her feel valued they could suggest some care ways which they think would be best for her and sue could ay if she agrees and also have some input on what she wants.Ml- review benefits to the individuals and professional staff or taking a holistic approach to planning support. Health and social care is about making the best decisions to improve the service user's care. Within this I will be writing a review on how multi agency working within health and social care and also the holistic care approach benefits certain service user's care needs I think that the benefit of a individual choosing the holistic care approac h is that it is more focused on them and no one else, their care needs are concentrated on more of hat they need and also want.. With tom and sue both living in independent living or being there it helps them to socialism with other residents that live there with them.With other service users living in the same buildings as them it will also help them to build a relationship with the other residents and this will then help them to feel as if they aren't alone and it will also give them a higher self esteem and confidence. In sues case with her speech being limited with holistic care she would be getting regular speech therapy and this would be in with her care plan if she sits down with member of staff and organisms a meeting here they can discuss or write down what sue may want then if speech therapy was to become part of the routine care plan then the speech lessons would be a lot more regular and the more times that these sessions occur the quicker that sues speech and communicat ion skills will improve by doing this it will help build sues confidence to communicate with others without feeling embarrassed about her speech skills.With the careers taking the holistic care approach getting an advocate for each service user, if say a service user was UN happy with the care that they were receiving or ere Just feeling bait down or even they felt as if they aren't being understood by the career then they would be able to talk to the advocate and then the advocate would take each problem into consideration and would try and solve it straight away, service users means that they have someone to talk to if they ever feel alone in doing this and having an advocate in place it will make them more confident and also in social situations. With careers following the holistic approach for each service user they are taking into consideration the physical, intellectual, social, emotional and also language needs of he individual, each health and social care professional taking each specific need into account this enables them to carry out the best care for the individual service user each need will be different for all service users as each service user has diverse care needs.When the holistic care approach looks at physical needs it looks at thing such as medication how much of a certain medication an individual needs to take per day and also sometimes whether or not they could ease the service user off of the medication to possibly improve their health , they would also look at dietary and exercise needs to , when looking at the dietary needs they would take into consideration whether they are vegetarian or if their religion only eat specific foods at certain times. Coming to the exercise needs wouldn't always be looking at if they need to lose any weight but it would also be looking at whether or not their fitness is at a good point and if not then an exercise plan would be made to help improve their fitness Just by doing small little exercises during the day.Intellectually the service users would also improve , taking part in activities such as eating and also taking part in puzzles and crosswords, this will intellectually stimulate them and will be training their mind and will give them many intellectual skills such as problem solving , they will also start to take into account when they need to take their medication as well as how much they need to take and what they need to take. The holistic approach also shows progress and capability of the service user , if each individual was to follow the holistic approach to care then it will make them feel more confident, valued and also loved they may also feel happier about their self if they e improvement with their self.With the holistic care approach it helps the individual feel more free and valued , to be able to do hat they would like to instead of being told what to do they are also able to do it when they want and not feel as if they are being controlled this will give each service user freedom. Each career using the holistic approach will feel as if they can allow the service user approach it means that all legislations and procedures are in place to help the careers make sure that careers can carry out their Job as best they can, it will also mean that hey will build trust with service users that they are supporting and also looking after. They ill have a sense of pride knowing that they have helped the service user.When the holistic approach works with multi- agencies this will improve the level at which the individuals care and health improves helping service users using various care professionals can help physically as well as emotionally and socially. It will help each individual emotionally would be to talk to an advocate if they were having any problems or maybe a gap. Physically their fitness improves and in this happening it ill make them more confident. Socially with the physical and emotional needs tied in within the social part it will giv e them confident and will raise their self esteem so that when they are in small social groups they will have the confident to speak without feeling embarrassed. ODL- analyses reasons for working with professionals from more than one agency when planning support for individuals . Multi disciplinary team- a team of professionals drawn from a range of disciplines or services, e. G health care, education and social services, all working together towards a common goal† (stretch and Whitehorse 2010) When working within health and social care there are plenty of care professions That can help the individuals care needs to improve such as GAPS, social workers, nurses, doctors etc. Professionals working in health and social care involve other members form different organizations so that they can give the service user the best care that the service user's needs. It will benefit the service user as it will build strong relationships with their care provider.If a service user has any pro blems that they are concerned about then they would be able to talk to them about it I believe that if this was to happen and they only had a nurse to talk to then they may not open up as much as they would if it was someone else such as an advocate or a counselor. This would pick up on issues much quicker to solve the problem at hand. An example could be if you had worked with a certain service user for a number of months and they were always cheery and smiling but one day when you went to carry out their care needs and noticed that they weren't their self and also that they were UN happy then this would cause you to have concerns about the individual.As a staff member seeing this then I would suggest that staff member asks the service user what is the tater if it is something that is serious I would then need to inform other members unit. In doing this it would then build a greater trust with them, but if the situation was serious the staff member would need to tell the service us er that she may need to break confidentiality as it could potentially cause harm to her and others around her , in doing this it may break a little of the trust but in turn it would also help to protect them from harm and in the long run it would mean that the relationship would be better. Another reason that multi professionals work together with an individual because it ivies the individual more support than what it would if they had one care worker working with the individual.It will benefit the service user because all health care professionals working with one individual will be able to focus more on that individual and will be able to use more resources to help with the service users care needs within their care plan. It will also help each individual to overcome each health issue that they have. Having more than one health and social care professional working with an individual will help speed up their care and health needs it will help them to get back to normal ay to day li fe and will also help boost confidence and self-esteem having other service users encouraging them will make them want to help their self. The last reason that I think working with multi agency practices is beneficial for an individual is because each professional will be working to help develop each of the service users different needs which need to be developed.When each professional doing this will help speed up the quickness of improving the individual's health. If the individual only had one health worker providing their specific care needs it may aka a longer period of time for the individual to become well again, if the service user feels as if they are getting no further along in their progress they may want to give up and may become depressed in turn meaning that their health would not improve. But working with numerous health professionals would mean that progress would develop quicker making the individual a lot happier and confident. Staffs from multi agency groups have different skills which they could put in place to help with the care needs of the individual.This would be both beneficial to the staff and also the service user. It would be beneficial to the staff as it would give them a wider knowledge of different care techniques meaning that they would be able to put into practice when caring for an individual, for the service user the health and other specific needs would be fulfilled and it would mean that it would get them back on track to becoming healthy again and confident when socially interacting with other individuals. It would also mean that some of the health professionals would have more experience meaning that the techniques that they had learned and have shared would be more likely to work.

In what ways, and how effectively Essay

â€Å"Hamlet† contains particular elements which categorise it as a revenge tragedy, a popular genre in late 1500’s and early 1600’s. Revenge tragedies often comprise of certain characters who are appointed to pursue vengeance against a particular person. In addition, there is frequently a central plot, for example Hamlet’s revenge on Claudius for his father’s death, and minor sub plots; Laertes’ revenge on Hamlet and Fortinbras’ attempt to regain the lands his father lost. Revenge tragedies often incorporate similar plot lines, which are usually relatively simple, and they regularly contain similar features, such as a ghost, a hesitating revenger, a villain and concepts of madness, all of which are featured in â€Å"Hamlet. † Although the play is much more complex than a stereotypical revenge tragedy, one of the central themes is revenge, and Shakespeare portrays this through three entirely different characters. The main plot focuses on Hamlet, however there are intricate links to Laertes and Fortinbras. Shakespeare effectively presents the three revenge characters as possessing parallel lives, especially Fortinbras and Hamlet. In using 5 Acts, Shakespeare does more than present the popular genre of revenge tragedy and through the structure of these he effectively uses sub plots, as well as the main plot, in which Hamlet is instructed to take revenge on Claudius. The sub plots, including Laertes’ revenge on Hamlet and Fortinbras’ revenge, are particularly effective because they allow contrasts between the main revenge characters, and allow the audience to observe each character in a different perspective. In this way Hamlet’s attitude towards revenge contrasts with that of Laertes’, the typical avenger, and Fortinbras’ life appears to almost parallel Hamlet’s. Shakespeare effectively brings the main and sub-plots to a close dramatic conclusion. Various scenes, such as the gravediggers scene, have a dual purpose in that whilst they provide an integral concentration on death, they also act as â€Å"comic relief† scenes, and inject some humour into the play. Shakespeare presents Hamlet as the central character and the main focus in the theme of revenge. The audience initially meets Hamlet in Act 1 ii, where the court is assembled, and there are signs of conflict between Hamlet and the newly appointed King, Claudius. The audience is given the plot basis, which in turn the play develops from. Hamlet’s disgust for the King and Queen is specifically addressed in his first soliloquy, where he shares with the audience his anguish and resentment for them. He attempts to come to terms with his Father’s death and his Mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius, â€Å"But two months dead, nay, not so much, not two! † (Act 1 ii) Due to his mother’s swift marriage, Hamlet’s opinions of womenhood are shattered, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman. † Shakespeare effectively develops this initial resentment, which Hamlet feels towards both the King and Queen due to their â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† (Act 2 ii), and it intensifies when Hamlet is informed by the Ghost of the true nature of his father’s death. In this first soliloquy, his speech is evocative, especially where he conveys strong emotions in the metaphor comparing the current world to â€Å"an unweeded garden,† (Act 1 ii) with â€Å"things rank and gross in nature. † Shakespeare effectively presents Hamlet as a considerable intellect, shown by his reference to Greek mythological figures. He emphatically uses juxtaposition, where Hamlet makes a strong comparison between his father and Claudius, â€Å"Hyperion to a satyr. † Act 1 ii, implying his father was like a sun god whereas Claudius was a mere half goat half man creature. The strong comparison reveals his bitterness towards Claudius. It can be argued that the ghost is created by Shakespeare as a powerful, metaphorical force and as such acts as the initial figure to provoke Hamlet to pursue an active revenge against Claudius. Hamlet’s first response to the ghost’s claim is rather hasty, † May sweep to my revenge. † Act 1 v. This appears to echo Laertes’ impetuous attitude towards revenge, however, Hamlet does not fit this role, and he remains a thinking revenger. The ghost states â€Å"Ay, that incestuous†¦ and prey on garbage,† (Act 1 v) suggesting that Claudius had seduced Gertrude before her husband’s death, although there is no evidence in the rest of play to support this judgement. As a result, Hamlet experiences greater resentment towards both Gertrude, but more specifically Claudius. Hamlet is instructed by the ghost to avenge his father’s death, â€Å"If thou hast nature in thee, bear it not†¦ damned incest. † (Act 1 v) however, he tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude to God’s judgement, â€Å"Leave her to heaven†¦ prick and sting her. † Act 1 v. Shakespeare effectively uses a metaphor to present Gertrude’s conscience. The ghost’s last words to Hamlet are â€Å"Remember me† (Act 1 v) which sounds like a command, but is actually an unequivocal instruction, in which Hamlet must not forget to avenge his father. Shakespeare utilises the Ghost’s speech to relate the terrors of purgatory, ending with the effective simile, â€Å"Like quills upon the fretful porpetine. † Act 1 v. The ghost continues this passionate language to arouse intense feelings and incite Hamlet to commit murder as the ultimate revenge, â€Å"Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast. † (Act 1 v). Similarly the ghost’s narrative uses particularly graphic and evocative language to enhance strong emotions, â€Å"That swift as quicksilver is courses through / The natural gates and alleys of the body. † Act 1 v. Shakespeare effectively presents Hamlet as a thinking revenger and not a warrior, a major contrast to Laertes’ character. Hamlet’s second soliloquy particularly focuses on his delay for avenging his Father’s death, when he begins with â€Å"O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I! † Act 2 ii. Hamlet expresses his disgust for himself for delaying his revenge, and the language of the speech is passionate, because he is punishing himself. During the soliloquy, he constantly criticises himself, â€Å"A dull and muddy-mettled rascal†¦ not for a King. † Act 2 ii. Hamlet expresses himself as dull spirited and unable to act, because he is â€Å"pigeon-livered and lack gall. † Act 2 ii, suggesting that he does not contain the capacity for revenge, and doesn’t have the courage to accomplish the deed. Shakespeare effectively presents Hamlet’s inner frustration, in his language by using a series of adjectives, â€Å"Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! / O, Vengeance! † Act 2 ii, which reveals his real hatred for Claudius. Hamlet questions the ghost’s honesty for the first time, â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / May be the devil, and the devil hath power. † Act 2 ii. Therefore, Hamlet decides to â€Å"catch the conscience of the King,† (Act 2 ii) by staging a re-enactment of the crime and this portrays Hamlet’s thinking and philosophical approach to revenge, which he wants to be perfect. The prayer scene also reveals his philosophical temperament as Hamlet, the â€Å"sole son,† realises he is the only person appointed to take revenge for his father’s death. Shakespeare provides Hamlet with a perfect opportunity in which he has the chance to kill the King. However, Hamlet feels it is morally wrong to kill Claudius at prayer, not because it is a sacrilegious act, but because it would allow Claudius to go to heaven, which Hamlet obviously objects to. â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now ‘a is a-praying. And now I’ll do’t, And so ‘a goes to heaven. † Act 3 iii. It could also be argued that this suggests that he is not a cold – blooded killer. Hamlet also feels he would be letting his father down, â€Å"Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge,† and so consequently, Hamlet spares his Uncle’s life. Hamlet’s language during this speech appears particularly passionate. Shakespeare further portrays Hamlet as a major contrast to Laertes, in that Hamlet believes the King must be engaged in a sinful act before he can take revenge, â€Å"When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage / Or in th’incestuous pleasure of his bed. † Act 3 iii. However, Laertes is presented as a rash revenge hero and states that he would â€Å"cut his throat i’th’church! † Act 4 vii. Ironically, Hamlet’s soliloquy appears irrelevant, because Claudius’ repentence is not sincere, as his last couplet in the scene suggests, â€Å"My words fly up, my thoughts remain blow. / Words without thoughts never to heaven go. † Act 3 iii. The audience witnesses the king’s first, and only, confession during his soliloquy, in which he cannot pray due to his ill conscience and guilt, â€Å"A brothers murder. Pray can I not. † Act 3 iii. Consequently, it could be argued that Shakespeare wanted to give the audience a psychological insight into Claudius’ character and to feel some sympathy towards him, especially in the opening line, â€Å"O, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. † (Act 3 iii) In a sense, Shakespeare could be presenting Claudius in this manner to allow the audience to see him from a different perspective, instead of the traditional revenge villain. Claudius reveals why he killed the previous king Hamlet, â€Å"My crown, mine own ambition, and my Queen,† (Act 3 iii) and, he does ask for forgiveness, â€Å"Forgive me my foul murder? † Act 3 iii. Yet it is significant that he cannot fully repent because he is not willing to consider giving up the crown. Therefore, Shakespeare continues to present Claudius as the main villain in the play, one who is driven by cowardly and evil ambitions, but the audience is given a psychological insight, in which they gain a new understanding of his character. Shakespeare appears to present Hamlet from an alternative viewpoint, during the fencing match in the concluding scene. Hamlet’s revenge for Claudius is intensified, when his mother too is killed. She drinks to the success of her son, despite Claudius’ rebuke of â€Å"Gertrude, do not drink. † (Act 5 ii) The audience anticipates his strong objection to the Queen drinking, yet Shakespeare effectively presents Claudius’ cowardice and, arguably doubtful feelings for her, in this simple reproach. It is clear that Claudius cannot contemplate abandoning the plot, in order to save the Queen. After the trauma of his mother’s death, Hamlet acts with spontaneity when Laertes tells him who is responsible for the poisoned drink, â€Å"The King, the King’s to blame,† (Act 5 ii) and he wounds the King with the â€Å"envenomed† sword. Hamlet’s impulsive act echoes the murder of Polonius. He forces Claudius to drink the poison, â€Å"the King dies. † and in dying without contrition or forgiveness, Hamlet experiences some satisfaction in that his revenge will result in Claudius being sent to hell. However, Hamlet has experienced four acts of dilemma and deliberation and, in a sense, he was forced to take revenge due to Claudius’ callous actions and had a prime opportunity to do so. Shakespeare presents Laertes as a rash revenge hero, an effective contrast to Hamlet, and his revenge develops as a sub plot. Laertes returns home from Paris and demands to know how his father died, â€Å"How came he dead? † Act 4 v. Laertes appears to the audience as the more traditional revenger when compared to Hamlet, and he seems extremely determined, â€Å"My will, not all the world’s. † Act 4 v, implying that nothing in the world will stop him, until his desire for revenge is satisfied. The contrasting character of Laertes reveals the complex and indecisive manner in which Hamlet carries out revenge. Laertes’ revenge is intensified when he sees Ophelia’s madness, and he specifically compares Ophelia’s situation to that of their father’s, â€Å"a young maid’s wits† and â€Å"an old man’s life. † Act 4 v. Laertes, addressing Polonius’ funeral, describes it as â€Å"obscure† because there was â€Å"no trophy, sword, nor hatchment o’er his bones. † Act 4 v. In this sense Laertes experiences a greater resentment for his father’s death, in that he has not been honoured with an elaborate funeral. However, the relative secrecy of Polonius’ death is probably deliberate to avoid betraying the corruption of the court, an aspect Laertes is blind to. Claudius manipulates and corrupts Laertes, taking advantage of his rash state, and so is deliberately presented as a villain. By Act 4 vii, Laertes has discovered that Hamlet killed Polonius and his vengeful determination leads him to question Claudius as to why he has not yet taken action against Hamlet. Claudius gives â€Å"two special reasons,† which are that the Queen loves Hamlet and he loves the Queen, therefore he could not bear to act, â€Å"The Queen his mother lives almost by his looks. † In addition the common people love Hamlet and would support him, â€Å"Is the great love the general gender bear him. † Act 4 vii. The reasons Claudius gives reflect his manipulation of the truth and his cowardly attitude because he needs an instrument for his treachery. Both Claudius and Laertes are interrupted by a letter from Hamlet, â€Å"From Hamlet? Who brought them? † (Act 4 vii) Claudius is very surprised because he would have expected Hamlet dead. Claudius’ manipulation over Laertes is expressed again; â€Å"Will you be ruled by me? † Act 4 vii. Claudius must now make Laertes take revenge on Hamlet, because his plot to have Hamlet killed in England has failed. Claudius attempts to make Laertes a possible ally, by manipulating and flattering him, â€Å"Sir, this report of his†¦ to play with you. † Act 4 vii. The suggestion that Hamlet envies Laertes is possibly an invention on Claudius’ part because there is no other mention of this in the play. Claudius moves onto more urgent questions, â€Å"Laertes, was your father dear to you? † which makes Laertes appear helpless and eager to co-operate. Laertes comments that he would â€Å"cut his throat i’th’ church! † to prove himself to Polonius. Again Shakespeare uses these words significantly as they contrast strongly with Hamlet’s unwillingness to kill the king while he is at prayer. Laertes plays right into the kings’ hands when he offers to put poison on his sword tip, â€Å"I will do’t, / and for that purpose I’ll anoint my sword. † Act 4 vii. Ophelia’s drowning acts to further intensify Laertes’ revenge on Hamlet. The fencing match reinforces the presentation of Laertes as a revenge hero, as he acts in a typically rash and immoral manner. Shakespeare specifically presents this when Laertes becomes impatient and wounds Hamlet with the poisoned sword, â€Å"Have at you now! † (Act 5 ii) The indication that Laertes suddenly drives at Hamlet, and wounds him, reveals that he has now carried out his revenge. However, Laertes quickly notices the revenge on Hamlet has backfired â€Å"I am justly killed with mine own treachery,† (Act 5 vii) and that in addition he has also assisted Claudius in accidentally killing Gertrude. However, unlike Claudius, Laertes stays alive long enough to ask for forgiveness, â€Å"Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. † Act 5 ii. It is significant that Hamlet accepts Laertes’ apology, in that he is not pursuing revenge against him, the opposite being true of Claudius. More importantly it illustrates the greatness of Hamlet in comparison to the relative weakness of Laertes. Fortinbras is rarely mentioned in the play, however, he is briefly outlined by Claudius at the beginning. Shakespeare portrays Fortinbras as the third revenger, thus developing a complex presentation of tragedy in that there are three revengers. Fortinbras is introduced as having a parallel life to Hamlet’s and being a minor character compared to Laertes and Hamlet. In the sub plot Fortinbras wishes to take revenge for the lands his father lost in a duel with old King Hamlet, â€Å"Now sir, young Fortinbras†¦ so by his father. † Act 1 i. It appears that Fortinbras is like his father, a warrior, and this contrasts with Hamlet, who although his own father was also a warrior, has been well educated. When Fortinbras visits Elsinore in the final scene, he discovers he has succeeded to the throne, â€Å"But I do prophesy th’election lights on Fortinbras. † Act 5 ii, suggesting Hamlet is preparing the future throne of Denmark, and wants Fortinbras to succeed him. It is significantly ironic that Fortinbras gives Hamlet a soldier’s funeral, even though he wasn’t a warrior. Therefore Shakespeare uses various effective ways to present the theme of revenge throughout â€Å"Hamlet. † He uses contrasts between characters; Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras and divides each scenario into sub plots, which he effectively incorporates to one in the concluding scenes. Hamlets’ soliloquies allow the audience to experience a greater perception of his complex character, particularly as he is the main focus in the theme of revenge. Similarly Shakespeare’s language and imagery effectively portrays emotions and allows the characters to reveal aspects of their nature to the audience. Bibliography â€Å"The Embassy of Death: An Essay on Hamlet† – G. Wilson Knight   www. ulg. ac. be/libnet/germa/haleteng. htm   http://absoloute shakespeare. com http://shakespeare. about. com.